Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations·SOC 27-3043

Best degree programs for Writers and Authors, ranked by enrollment

19 college programs and 1,471 schools train Writers and Authors. Compare graduates per year, cost and pay, $76,910 median wage, 47,940 U.S. jobs. Federal data.

19 college programs at 1,471 schools train writers and authors, graduating 78,224 people a year (IPEDS completions). The largest is Speech Communication and Rhetoric. The job pays a median of $76,910 (BLS OEWS May 2025).

Graduates / yr
78,224
from every feeder program
Median annual wage
$76,910
BLS OEWS May 2025
Projected growth
+3.6%
About as fast as average
Openings / yr
13,400
new plus replacement
Schools
1,471
with a feeder program
States with jobs
48
BLS reports wages

About writers and authors

Originate and prepare written material, such as scripts, stories, advertisements, and other material.

Also calledAuthorNovelistCopywriterSongwriterFreelance WriterFreelance CopywriterAdvertising CopywriterAdvertisement Agency Copywriter (Ad Agency Copywriter)PoetWriterBloggerHumorist

Fields of study that lead to this job

Grouped at the 4-digit CIP level, the tier our program pages are built on. Numbers are graduates per year.

19 degree programs that lead to this job

Ranked by graduates per year (IPEDS completions). Graduate earnings and debt are College Scorecard figures for people who finished the program, reported at the 4-digit CIP level, so specializations within one field share a figure. That is a different measurement from the occupation-wide wages further down this page.

Degree programs that lead to this occupation, ranked by graduates per year
#ProgramGraduates / yrShare of pipelineSchoolsGrad earnings (1 yr)Median debt
1
CIP 09.0101
31,248
39.9%
718$34,858$25,000
2
CIP 09.0100
11,464
14.7%
375$34,858$25,000
3
CIP 09.0401
9,258
11.8%
356$34,515$24,250
4
CIP 09.0102
8,696
11.1%
311$34,858$25,000
5
CIP 23.1302
7,090
9.1%
448$28,725$25,250
6
CIP 23.1303
3,683
4.7%
161$28,725$25,250
7
CIP 23.1304
1,283
1.6%
81$28,725$25,250
8
CIP 09.9999
1,250
1.6%
65$36,931$24,500
9
CIP 50.0504
889
1.1%
52$20,667$24,994
10
CIP 52.0501
836
1.1%
57$41,000$26,000
11
CIP 09.0402
712
0.9%
49$34,515$24,250
12
CIP 23.1301
674
0.9%
101$28,725$25,250
13
CIP 23.1399
581
0.7%
16$28,725$25,250
14
CIP 23.1401
415
0.5%
59$23,868$26,552
15
CIP 23.1405
74
0.1%
6$23,868$26,552
16
CIP 50.0511
35
0.0%
2$20,667$24,994
17
CIP 23.1499
17
0.0%
6$23,868$26,552
18
CIP 52.0599
14
0.0%
2$41,000$26,000
19
CIP 19.0202
5
0.0%
2$40,949$23,344

Top 50 schools by graduates into this job

Counting every feeder program a school offers, not just its largest one.

Schools ranked by graduates per year into this occupation
#SchoolGraduates / yrTop feeder programGrad rateNet priceAcceptance
1Chattahoochee Technical College
Marietta, GA Public · 1 feeder programs
1,845Professional, Technical, Business, and Scientific Writing38%
2Southern New Hampshire University
Manchester, NH Private not-for-profit · 2 feeder programs
817Creative Writing43%$34,565100%
3Texas A&M University - College Station
College Station, TX Public · 2 feeder programs
747Communication, General84%57%
4Liberty University
Lynchburg, VA Private not-for-profit · 6 feeder programs
711Creative Writing65%$28,91199%
5University of Missouri - Columbia
Columbia, MO Public · 2 feeder programs
665Journalism75%78%
6Arizona State University Digital Immersion
Scottsdale, AZ Public · 3 feeder programs
651Speech Communication and Rhetoric0%67%
7Indiana University - Bloomington
Bloomington, IN Public · 5 feeder programs
635Mass Communication/Media Studies80%78%
8University of California - Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, CA Public · 1 feeder programs
618Communication, General83%33%
9San Diego State University
San Diego, CA Public · 7 feeder programs
559Speech Communication and Rhetoric76%36%
10California State University - Fullerton
Fullerton, CA Public · 2 feeder programs
554Speech Communication and Rhetoric70%91%
11The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, TX Public · 4 feeder programs
547Speech Communication and Rhetoric89%27%
12University of Central Florida
Orlando, FL Public · 5 feeder programs
544Speech Communication and Rhetoric78%40%
13University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC Public · 2 feeder programs
544Mass Communication/Media Studies91%15%
14Full Sail University
Winter Park, FL Private for-profit · 4 feeder programs
539Rhetoric and Composition/Writing Studies, Other44%$32,163
15James Madison University
Harrisonburg, VA Public · 3 feeder programs
533Speech Communication and Rhetoric80%72%
16Ohio State University - Main Campus
Columbus, OH Public · 3 feeder programs
523Speech Communication and Rhetoric88%61%
17University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA Private not-for-profit · 6 feeder programs
502Speech Communication and Rhetoric92%$26,87310%
18University of Wisconsin - Madison
Madison, WI Public · 5 feeder programs
477Speech Communication and Rhetoric90%45%
19Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI Public · 6 feeder programs
464Speech Communication and Rhetoric81%85%
20University of Florida
Gainesville, FL Public · 3 feeder programs
464Mass Communication/Media Studies91%24%
21University of Pittsburgh - Pittsburgh Campus
Pittsburgh, PA Public · 5 feeder programs
464Mass Communication/Media Studies85%58%
22California State University - Long Beach
Long Beach, CA Public · 3 feeder programs
446Speech Communication and Rhetoric69%46%
23University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ Public · 7 feeder programs
422Speech Communication and Rhetoric68%86%
24Grand Canyon University
Phoenix, AZ Private not-for-profit · 3 feeder programs
414Speech Communication and Rhetoric43%$21,53579%
25Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Baton Rouge, LA Public · 3 feeder programs
407Mass Communication/Media Studies69%73%
26Arizona State University Campus Immersion
Tempe, AZ Public · 7 feeder programs
403Speech Communication and Rhetoric68%90%
27Rutgers University - New Brunswick
New Brunswick, NJ Public · 2 feeder programs
403Speech Communication and Rhetoric84%58%
28University of Oklahoma - Norman Campus
Norman, OK Public · 5 feeder programs
402Journalism75%77%
29University of Washington - Seattle Campus
Seattle, WA Public · 4 feeder programs
400Speech Communication and Rhetoric85%39%
30Baylor University
Waco, TX Private not-for-profit · 4 feeder programs
399Communication, General80%$35,68251%
31University of Maryland - College Park
College Park, MD Public · 3 feeder programs
398Speech Communication and Rhetoric89%45%
32Texas Tech University
Lubbock, TX Public · 6 feeder programs
386Speech Communication and Rhetoric69%73%
33Emerson College
Boston, MA Private not-for-profit · 4 feeder programs
371Creative Writing77%$40,98251%
34The University of Tennessee - Knoxville
Knoxville, TN Public · 4 feeder programs
370Journalism74%42%
35University of Cincinnati - Main Campus
Cincinnati, OH Public · 8 feeder programs
366Speech Communication and Rhetoric75%85%
36California State University - Sacramento
Sacramento, CA Public · 2 feeder programs
365Speech Communication and Rhetoric56%94%
37University of Georgia
Athens, GA Public · 4 feeder programs
363Journalism90%38%
38Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD Private not-for-profit · 3 feeder programs
357Speech Communication and Rhetoric94%$11,8886%
39Ohio University - Main Campus
Athens, OH Public · 7 feeder programs
354Speech Communication and Rhetoric65%85%
40California State University - Northridge
Northridge, CA Public · 3 feeder programs
345Speech Communication and Rhetoric57%93%
41Pennsylvania State University - Main Campus
University Park, PA Public · 4 feeder programs
344Journalism86%61%
42University of Colorado Boulder
Boulder, CO Public · 5 feeder programs
342Speech Communication and Rhetoric74%78%
43University of Kansas
Lawrence, KS Public · 5 feeder programs
341Journalism69%93%
44Florida International University
Miami, FL Public · 3 feeder programs
340Speech Communication and Rhetoric74%55%
45New York University
New York, NY Private not-for-profit · 4 feeder programs
338Playwriting and Screenwriting88%$29,0239%
46Purdue University - Main Campus
West Lafayette, IN Public · 6 feeder programs
336Communication, General83%50%
47University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT Public · 5 feeder programs
336Communication, General65%86%
48Chapman University
Orange, CA Private not-for-profit · 6 feeder programs
335Speech Communication and Rhetoric82%$42,96565%
49CUNY Bernard M Baruch College
New York, NY Public · 3 feeder programs
329Business/Corporate Communications, General72%48%
50East Carolina University
Greenville, NC Public · 3 feeder programs
318Speech Communication and Rhetoric63%89%

What writers and authors earn

What people already working in this job earn (BLS OEWS May 2025). Not graduate earnings.

Median annual wage
$76,910
Mean annual
$86,090
Median hourly
$36.98/hr
People employed
47,940
What the range looks like
10th pct$44,310Median$76,91090th pct$139,870

Top-paying metro areas

Waterbury-Shelton, CT
$127,350median
50 jobs
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA
$118,810median
400 jobs
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV
$108,460median
2,060 jobs
Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA
$107,700median
50 jobs
Bridgeport-Stamford-Danbury, CT
$103,060median
150 jobs
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA
$82,920median
70 jobs
San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA
$82,590median
350 jobs
Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD
$87,020median
240 jobs

Job outlook

Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment Projections, 2024 to 2034.

Projected growth 2024–34
+3.6%
About as fast as average
Openings per year
13,400
new jobs plus replacements
Employment change
4,900
135,400 → 140,300
Typical entry education
Bachelor's degree
Plus long-term on-the-job training

Where the jobs are, state by state

Pick a state for in-state pay, the schools there, and the programs they run.

This occupation state by state: pay, jobs, and schools
StateMedian payJobsConcentrationSchoolsGraduates / yr
California$86,4808,3901.49×17712,817
New York7,4802.51×1085,252
Texas$69,9902,3200.54×805,244
Georgia$74,7108200.55×443,742
Florida$68,0803,0100.98×383,527
Pennsylvania$77,4101,0800.58×1023,133
Virginia$85,0001,5301.21×362,945
North Carolina$63,6601,8101.19×412,871
Ohio$65,9308300.49×572,607
Arizona$55,9906000.60×222,536
Massachusetts$85,2601,3501.20×482,226
Illinois$68,2202,6401.40×481,997
Indiana$75,8204500.46×371,653
Missouri$58,1406000.67×391,569
Maryland$104,3305400.63×221,535
Colorado$76,8301,3001.46×251,477
Wisconsin$64,3707100.78×291,453
Washington$85,7007700.71×181,402
Utah$64,5304100.76×111,366
New Jersey$81,5901,1800.90×271,360
Tennessee$58,8701,2601.25×271,231
New Hampshire$71,8301800.85×131,120
Minnesota$72,8107200.79×361,003
Louisiana$89,5204800.81×18980
Connecticut$98,4604800.92×14962
South Carolina$51,9205200.74×25918
Kentucky$48,7803500.56×22897
Alabama$66,9501800.28×21781
Arkansas$47,9702700.68×16714
Oklahoma$58,7702200.42×24699
Iowa$61,0102900.60×26684
Kansas$65,8402400.53×21640
Oregon$80,5409501.56×15616
District of Columbia$129,3001,0504.85×7518
Idaho$56,360900.34×10517
Nevada$63,9101900.39×5427
West Virginia$64,4101100.52×11390
Rhode Island$70,1901100.74×10376
Mississippi$54,1801300.37×18372
New Mexico900.34×8319
Nebraska$65,4702400.75×15302
Hawaiimoderate600.30×4217
North Dakota$50,860800.63×8191
Vermont$94,4301101.23×7171
Maine2000.99×8168
South Dakota$56,700600.44×7106
Montanamoderate900.56×4105
Wyoming$49,650559

Skills and tools

From O*NET, the U.S. Department of Labor's occupational database. Importance is a 1 to 5 scale.

What they do day to day

  • Develop advertising campaigns for a wide range of clients, working with an advertising agency's creative director and art director to determine the best way to present advertising information.
  • Vary language and tone of messages based on product and medium.
  • Present drafts and ideas to clients.
  • Discuss with the client the product, advertising themes and methods, and any changes that should be made in advertising copy.
  • Review advertising trends, consumer surveys, and other data regarding marketing of goods and services to determine the best way to promote products.
  • Write articles, bulletins, sales letters, speeches, and other related informative, marketing and promotional material.
  • Conduct research to obtain factual information and authentic detail, using sources such as newspaper accounts, diaries, and interviews.
  • Follow appropriate procedures to get copyrights for completed work.

Skills

  • Writing4.8
  • Reading Comprehension4.2
  • Speaking3.9
  • Active Listening3.8
  • Critical Thinking3.7
  • Active Learning3.6
  • Monitoring2.9
  • Learning Strategies2.8

Knowledge areas

  • English Language4.8
  • Communications and Media4.1
  • Sales and Marketing3.8
  • Computers and Electronics3.5
  • Customer and Personal Service3.2
  • Administrative3.0

Abilities

  • Written Expression4.7
  • Written Comprehension4.1
  • Fluency of Ideas4.1
  • Originality4.0
  • Oral Comprehension3.9
  • Oral Expression3.9

Core activities

  • Getting Information4.5
  • Thinking Creatively4.3
  • Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work3.8
  • Selling or Influencing Others3.7
  • Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge3.7
  • Making Decisions and Solving Problems3.6

Tools and technology

hotmarks an O*NET hot technology
Adobe AcrobathotAdobe Creative Cloud softwarehotAdobe IllustratorhotAdobe InDesignhotAdobe PhotoshophotFacebookhotMicrosoft ExcelhotMicrosoft Office softwarehotMicrosoft PowerPointhotMicrosoft Wordhot

How to get in

How to become a Writer

Job zone 4 of 5 · SVP 7.0 to < 8.0
Typical entry education
Bachelor's degree
On-the-job training
Long-term on-the-job training

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified.

Employees in these occupations usually need several years of work-related experience, on-the-job training, and/or vocational training.

Every major mapped to this job

The official federal mapping behind the rankings above.

All 19 majors mapped to Writers and Authors19 of them graduated someone in the latest IPEDS year. NCES CIP 2020 → SOC 2018 crosswalk.+
  • 09.0100Communication, General
  • 09.0101Speech Communication and Rhetoric
  • 09.0102Mass Communication/Media Studies
  • 09.0401Journalism
  • 09.0402Broadcast Journalism
  • 09.9999Communication, Journalism, and Related Programs, Other
  • 19.0202Family and Consumer Sciences/Human Sciences Communication
  • 23.1301Writing, General
  • 23.1302Creative Writing
  • 23.1303Professional, Technical, Business, and Scientific Writing
  • 23.1304Rhetoric and Composition
  • 23.1399Rhetoric and Composition/Writing Studies, Other
  • 23.1401General Literature
  • 23.1405Children's and Adolescent Literature
  • 23.1499Literature, Other
  • 50.0504Playwriting and Screenwriting
  • 50.0511Comedy Writing and Performance
  • 52.0501Business/Corporate Communications, General
  • 52.0599Business/Corporate Communications, Other

Related careers

Jobs O*NET identifies as close to this one, with their own pay and outlook.

Common questions

What degree do you need to become a Writer?+

Bachelor's degree is the typical entry-level education BLS reports for this occupation. The most common program people actually graduate from is Speech Communication and Rhetoric, which awarded 31,248 degrees in 2024-25, 39.9% of everyone graduating from a program that feeds this career.

Which college majors lead to becoming a Writer?+

The NCES CIP-to-SOC crosswalk maps 19 programs to this occupation. The largest are Communication and Media Studies, Rhetoric and Composition/Writing Studies, Journalism, Communication, plus 4 more. Together they graduate about 78,224 people a year.

How much do writers and authors earn?+

The median is $76,910 a year (BLS OEWS May 2025). The middle range runs from $44,310 at the 10th percentile to $139,870 at the 90th. This is pay for people already working in the occupation, not the same thing as graduate earnings one year after finishing a degree.

Is demand for writers and authors growing?+

BLS projects a +3.6% change in employment between 2024 and 2034, about as fast as average, with roughly 13,400 openings a year nationally once retirements and job changes are counted.

How many schools offer programs for this career?+

1,471 institutions reported graduates from at least one of the 19 programs that feed this occupation in IPEDS 2024-25. Rankings on this page use graduates per year, because the federal data publishes no enrollment count by program.

What other job titles do writers and authors work under?+

Employers advertise this work under many names. O*NET records Author, Novelist, Copywriter, Songwriter, Freelance Writer, Freelance Copywriter among the most commonly reported, all mapping to SOC 27-3043.

About the data on this page

Rankings use IPEDS completions 2024-25, degrees awarded per year. That is the closest federal measure of how many people a program puts into a career, because no federal dataset publishes enrollment by program. Wages and employment come from BLS OEWS May 2025, growth and openings from BLS Employment Projections 2024-34, and which majors lead to which jobs from the NCES CIP 2020 to SOC 2018 crosswalk. Occupation descriptions, tasks, skills and tools are O*NET 30.3 (CC BY 4.0, U.S. Department of Labor/ETA).

  • BLS Occupational Employment & Wage Statistics

    May 2025

    Wages, employment counts, location quotients and metro breakdowns.

  • BLS Employment Projections

    2024–34

    Projected growth, annual openings and typical entry-level education.

  • IPEDS Completions

    2024-25 (provisional)

    Graduates per year by program and institution — the ranking metric.

  • College Scorecard, Field of Study

    2020-21 cohorts

    Median graduate earnings one year after completion, and median debt.

  • Census Post-Secondary Employment Outcomes

    latest available

    Graduate earnings 1/5/10 years out, where the state participates.

  • NCES CIP 2020 and the CIP-to-SOC 2018 crosswalk

    CIP 2020 / SOC 2018

    Which college programs officially lead to this occupation.

  • O*NET Database 30.3

    30.3

    Tasks, skills, knowledge, tools, job zone and alternate job titles.

    Official source →CC BY 4.0, U.S. Department of Labor / ETA

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